Interactive PV diagrams, Carnot cycle animation, isothermal and adiabatic processes — the laws of heat and work visualized.
PV = nRT — Ideal Gas Law
Gas Parameters
Work Done
Isothermal W = —
Adiabatic ΔU = —
Isobaric W = —
Carnot Engine
η = 1 − T_C/T_H
Efficiency η = —
W_net = Q_H − Q_C = —
COP (refrigerator) = —
Carnot's Theorem
No heat engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. This sets the fundamental upper limit on efficiency.